Objective 4 of the TWIGA project aims to Improve predictability and assessment of African rainfall by mapping perceptible water vapour and tracking convective storm systems.
The main reason behind the poor prediction skills of present rainfall forecasts in Africa is the lack of knowledge of precipitable water vapour (PWV) in the atmosphere. If one does not know how much water can precipitate, predictions become very difficult. Traditionally, vapour profiles are obtained through weather balloons but the number of balloon launches in Africa is, due to the high costs, extremely few. An important TWIGA innovation is that PWV is mapped by combining GNSS signals and radar satellite images.
GNSS is the collection of all navigation satellite systems (GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, Beidou). Deployment and testing of this equipment is expected to reduce rainfall predictions uncertainty greatly.
Uganda was chosen as the test site for this activity. This technology, for which partners TUD and GReD received the regional and academic 2015 European Satellite Navigation Competition, is presently at TRL 6 and will be brought to TRL 9.
Six GNSS stations were received in Uganda for testing this concept
They were deployed in six locations as follows;
| GNSS STATION NAME |
| Entebbe Airport |
| Makerere University |
| Bugema University |
| Ndejje Senior Secondary School |
| Mitiyana Senior Secondary School |
Figure 1: Iganga Senior Secondary School GNSS 
Figure 1: Iganga Senior Secondary School GNSS 
Figure 3: Mitiyana Secondary School GNSS 
Figure 4 ; Bugema University GNSS 
Figure 5: Ndejje Senior Secondary School GNSS (Roof Top Installation) 
Figure 6: Processing Unit setup for all 6 installed stations
Five of the stations are using MTN Uganda as the internet service provider and one station (Entebbe Airport) is using Airtel Uganda as the internet service provider. By January, four of the station were reporting to the online repository effectively as long as internet data subscription was valid and not depleted. Two of the stations using MTN SIM cards failed to connect to the internet even though they had been given the same setup as the other three stations using MTN SIMs.
Currently (since 1st March 2020) all stations using MTN as the service provider are offline but recording data. The station APN settings need to be manually fixed as it is with the Entebbe Airport station that is currently online. Due to the country wide travel restrictions and other government-imposed restrictions aimed at reducing and controlling the spread of COVID 19 since 1st April, visiting the affected sites was not possible. The installation team will visit the sites after 4th June.
